While an R system will almost always blow cold air no matter what, Ra begins to blow merely cool air when the vehicle is not moving. R12 was a planet in the Star Wars comic series.
R12 was best known for producing a unique gas, also called R12, that was the most potent refrigerant known to the galaxy. R12 gas became obselete when the planet R12 was destroyed by the Death Star. A boil on the ass of the railcar engineering world, the R is a shitty ass conglomerate of dried jizz, aluminum foil, armadillo garlic breath, and rancid nacho cheese that makes up a worthless excuse for a horrid subway car.
Eventually, after a massive mutual masturbation session, it was concluded that the best way to anally rape American taxpayers in the most efficient manner was to order a MASSIVE amount of shitty ass subway cars for the MTA executives to get high in on the weekends when the surplus subway car count rises because of the service cutbacks. By , all of the Rs were delivered, and notable epic and timeless subway cars such as the R40 Slants were retired. In the New York City metropolitan area, the term "R" generally refers to something horrible in quality and design.
This treaty was enacted in countries all over the world. The first target was CFC refrigerants such as R In R was phased out of the automotive market in the United States and was replaced with the newer HFC refrigerant known as Ra. Ra had the benefit of not containing Chlorine so with its usage there would be no danger to the Ozone layer.
Most machines and systems that were using it have since been retired. Like I mentioned in a previous section, the only use cases that I know of in the year are those folks who are restoring classic automobiles. Even in these cases though I believe most people are going the retrofit route and changing their systems over to Ra.
By , Frigidaire and its competitors had sold 8 million new refrigerators in the United States using Freon made by the Kinetic Chemical Company. In , the Carrier Engineering Corporation used Freon in the world's first self-contained home air conditioning unit, called an " Atmospheric Cabinet.
Because Freon is non-toxic, it eliminated the danger posed by refrigerator leaks. In just a few years, compressor refrigerators using Freon would become the standard for almost all home kitchens. In , Thomas Midgley held a demonstration of the physical properties of Freon for the American Chemical Society by inhaling a lung-full of the new wonder gas and breathing it out onto a candle flame, which was extinguished, thus showing the gas's non-toxicity and non-flammable properties.
Only decades later did people realize that such chlorofluorocarbons endangered the ozone layer of the entire planet. CFCs, or Freon, are now infamous for greatly adding to the depletion of the earth's ozone shield. Leaded gasoline is also a major pollutant, and Thomas Midgley secretly suffered from lead poisoning because of his invention, a fact he kept hidden from the public.
Most uses of CFCs are now banned or severely restricted by the Montreal Protocol, because of the ozone depletion. Brands of Freon containing hydrofluorocarbons HFCs instead have replaced many uses, but they, too, are under strict control under the Kyoto protocol, as they are deemed "super-greenhouse effect" gasses.
They are no longer used in aerosols, but to date, no suitable, general use alternatives to the halocarbons have been found for refrigeration that is not flammable or toxic, problems the original Freon was devised to avoid. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. The chlorine atom and chlorine oxide molecule are actively engaged into the catalytic cycle of ozone destruction.
One chlorine molecule reaching the atmosphere is able to destroy thousand of ozone molecules. By the midst of the seventies, the output of freons has reached considerable figures. In particular, by the output of R12 has reached almost thousand tons and 27 thousand tons of them were intended for refrigerating systems.
In overall production of freons amounted 1. The further important step in solution of this problem became Montreal Protocol having been signed by all industrial countries in With the aim of R12 substitution, since the beginning of the nineties main world producers of chemical products have developed and produced one-component ozone-safe Ra refrigerant and alternative service interstage blends RA, etc.
However, by now neither of well-known or recently synthesized individual refrigerants possesses in full measure the complex of characteristics peculiar to dangerous refrigerants. Prohibition on R12 output and input resulted in increase of R22 world selling: in particular, in it amounted tons. And though CFC have been substantially displaced from domestic refrigerating equipment, transport refrigerating facilities, commercial refrigerating equipment, industrial conditioners, by now in the countries of European Union up to thousand tons of CFC are still used in operating refrigerating equipment.
During the recent years refrigerating industry has been actively looking for substitution of HCFC group refrigerants. This question is especially sharp in the USA where HCFC are used in the majority of centralized conditioning systems and heat pumps, as well as in many refrigerating systems. Resolutions of the Convention on reduction of greenhouse gas emission taken in Kyoto Japan in complicated selection of a long-term alternative to R22 even more. A number of states invested considerable financial means into development of alternative refrigerants, and these financial means amounted, according to evaluation of specialists, more than 2.
Only the expenses on investigation of Ra toxicity amounted 4. Alternative zoetrope service blends of middle pressure and high pressure and blend refrigerants of CFC group have a number of peculiarities to keep in mind while refrigerating equipment designing and operation.
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