By 3pm, and definitely by 7pm, she always seems hungry after eating. Latest: 2 months ago lissparedes. In February Babies How many oz should a 5. Latest: 5 months ago ksich In May Babies Feelings of resentment. I feel pretty guilty even writing this, but I need to get it off my chest, even if it is just to an internet audience. Right around the time I found out I was pregnant, I received a promotion at work that Latest: 5 months ago 2ndtimemama First Year Must Reads.
Jump to Your Week of Pregnancy. Pregnancy Week. Trending On What to Expect. Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. Moms Discuss Family Planning. Welcome to the What to Expect community! Report as Inappropriate. Escalate to Moderator. Please select a reason for escalating this post to the WTE moderators:. Delete Discussion? Join now to personalise. Breastfeeding BabyCentre may earn a commission from shopping links. Does it mean: a Baby is fed breast milk only - it doesn't matter if this is from breast or expressed and given from a bottle OR b Baby is fed breast milk from the breast only - no expressed milk at all OR c Something else - either because it depends on the individual as to what they class as EBF or because I don't actually have a clue, hehe!
Thanks in advance xx. Some may take that to mean to include never giving meds like Calpol either. She was almost ebf but not quite strictly I think overall I'm with Sara on the definitions. Mai is exclusively breastmilk fed now and has been since around 3 months, I gave one ff top up a day as I wasn't pumping at night before i realised what I should be doing and got some great advice from a book as nothing online or on bc, so set up the group pumping mummies in feb.
It certainly is a rare thing but possible nonetheless. He is 12 weeks old and has had about 4 ff so I don't count them but also don't beat myself up if he needs one when I am not around, I am proud of getting this far as I find it difficult having a 3 year old who goes for a poo every time I latched Daniel on in the first couple of weeks. Jen, i'm the same with the breast pain thing :- doctors refuse to give me anything other than canestan though.
What i actually need is a prescription for fluconazole Usual story of crap support when breastfeeding. I continued to breastfeed them until they were 24 months old. That's my EBF story somewhere in there the E moved from being exclusive to be extended.
Some may use it that way, but I think most include some pumping. I wouldn't use it that way, once they have non breastmilk food as part of their nutrition they are no longer EBF, though some might differ.
It can be exclusivley or extended as in BFing still over 1 yr old. It can also just mean no other milk substitutes. As in the child has never had cow milk or formula even if they are eating solids now. I would say nothing but breastmilk no matter the form breast or bottle. Exclusive Breastfeeding EBF , for the first 6 months of life, is globally accepted as the preferred method for infant feeding. This situation continues to deteriorate.
Thus, the need to explore perceptions, practices as well as factors that influence EBF in Ghana. Using a qualitative design, four focus group discussions were conducted among first-time mothers and eight in-depth interviews with health workers and traditional birth attendants. The study was conducted in four communities in the Kassena-Nankana municipality of Ghana. Discussions and interviews were recorded and later transcribed verbatim to English language. The transcribed data was then coded with the aid of analysis computer software Nvivo version Exclusive breastfeeding is practiced among first-time mothers due to its perceived benefits; which include nutritional advantage, ability to enhance growth whilst boosting immunity and its economic value.
However misconceptions as well as, certain cultural practices e. Relational influences are mainly from mother in-laws, traditional birth attendants, grandmothers, herbalists and other older adults in the community.
Although first time mothers attempt EBF, external influences make it practically challenging. The availability and utilization of information on EBF was found to positively influence perceptions towards EBF, leading to change in attitude towards the act. Thus, the practice of community-based health services may be strengthened to provide support for first-time mothers as well as continuous education to the mother in laws, female elders and community leaders who influence decision making on breastfeeding of infants.
Peer Review reports. However, only Although the practice has been globally acknowledged as the preferred method of feeding infants, West African countries continue to record lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding EBF [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. According to World Health Organization WHO , EBF entails giving only breast milk from a mother or wet nurse or expressed to a child, without any additional food or liquid for six months, with the exception of oral rehydration solution, or syrups of vitamins, minerals or medicines [ 2 ].
EBF has further been found to be adequate in both quality and quantity in terms of energy, protein, water and other nutrients required for the development of the infant whether the mother is healthy or undernourished [ 4 , 5 ]. EBF is associated with multiple benefits ranging from cognitive to physical development over the life course of the infant [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. This practice is essential for good child health in the short term given its associated lower incidence and severity of diarrhea, reduced respiratory tract infections and lower incidence of allergic diseases among children at-risk [ 9 , 10 ].
In the long term, EBF has been found to predict lower incidence of obesity and cognitive impairments during childhood and adolescence [ 8 , 11 ]. Studies have further shown the effect of EBF on reduced risk of other chronic diseases including; hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and some types of cancer in adulthood [ 8 , 11 , 12 ]. Similarly, women who exclusively feed are less likely to be at risk of breast cancer, diabetes, ovarian cancer and have better birth spacing [ 1 ].
It is estimated that EBF practices can prevent the projected , child mortality and 20, maternal mortality which results from breast cancer annually [ 13 ].
In Ghana, while breastfeeding initiation rates are encouraging, their rates are below acceptable recommendations by WHO and other international bodies [ 2 , 3 , 14 ]. The early cessation of breastfeeding to eventually use milk substitutes e. There is also poorly timed introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods, often of poor quality in low resourced settings [ 17 ].
Most first-time mothers usually fall victim to these practices. Young mothers who may be inexperienced struggle with breastfeeding after delivery. First-time mothers especially are at a greater disadvantage to practice EBF when there is inadequate support. Again, the unease with exposing the body in front of others as well as other psychological aspects of breastfeeding are well known [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].
In the context of the post development agenda, EBF is essential to achieving nine of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs as well as many other international health targets [ 22 , 23 ].
Child and maternal malnutrition remain a challenge in Kassena-Nankana district, in Ghana, with reported prevalence of stunting The potential risk for increased morbidity and under-nutrition among children, associated with early introduction of complementary foods has also been identified within the district [ 24 ].
More recently, anecdotal evidence indicates that the practices of EBF remain low especially among first-time mothers within the district. However, little is known in literature about actual EBF practices of first-time mothers and its influencing factors within this district. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how knowledge and perceptions of EBF as well as prevailing social and cultural norms that influence the practice of EBF among first-time mothers in the Kassena-Nankana Municipality.
The study was a cross-sectional qualitative research [ 25 ]. We explored the knowledge and perceptions of first-time mothers the primary participants and how socio-cultural structures at the household, community and health service sector, influenced their practice of EBF.
The study was conducted in the Kassena-Nankana Municipality in Northern Ghana, which has a population of about , [ 26 ]. The Municipality is located within the Guinea savannah woodlands and covers a total land of about sq. It is made up of 28 towns with Navrongo as its administrative capital. It has wet and dry seasons as the two climatic conditions with agriculture as the major economic activity. The Municipality has thirty-three health facilities including a government hospital, a private clinic, a health post, 25 Community Health-based Planning Services compounds CHPS , a health research centre and 2 nutrition centres catering for the large population.
Malnutrition is undoubtedly known as a major health condition in the municipality due to challenges of migration and falling standards of living [ 24 ].
Four communities in Kassena-Nankana Municipality i. Pungu, Kajelo, Doba and Gaani were purposively sampled using maximum variation sampling and snowball sampling approaches. These techniques allowed participants with diverse background e. Snowball sampling was also useful because of the difficulty in obtaining the required number of eligible participants for data collection.
Snowball sampling technique is another non-probability sampling technique in which the researcher begins by identifying an individual perceived to be eligible who in turn identifies other potential participants [ 27 , 28 ]. First-time mothers, traditional birth attendants TBAs and heads of health facilities were the target population for the study.
This inclusion criteria was used to target mothers who were supposed to have just completed the optimal six-month EBF [ 29 ]. This was also to help prevent the challenge of recall bias likely to be experienced among mothers who completed EBF for a longer period before the time of data collection [ 19 ]. The data collection tools covered the specific objectives of the study, thus exploring knowledge, perception and practices of EBF, facilitators and barriers, as well as the coping strategies adopted by these mothers.
The drafted tools were then pilot-tested after which more probe questions were added which elicited detailed responses from the participants.
In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted within four communities. Hennink and colleagues argue that four [ 4 ] focus group discussions are sufficient to reaching code saturation [ 30 ]. In each of the 4 communities, one TBA interview and one health worker interview was conducted. Furthermore, 4 FGDs were organized in the 4 communities. In 3 of the focus group discussions, participation ranged between a maximum of 12 and a minimum of 8 people, which was essential for an informative and manageable group discussion [ 27 , 28 ].
However, only 5 participants in Kajelo community were recruited into the study due to the limited availability of eligible first-time mothers. A key community gatekeeper was contacted to help identify the first eligible participant who in turn assisted in contacting other eligible participants. Written informed consent was sought from all participants before the audio-recorded interviews and discussions were conducted. The principal investigator together with trained research assistants conducted all the interviews.
The help of an additional assistant was obtained in conducting the interviews in Gaani community and Doba community, who translated the data collection tools into the two local languages.
Data gathered were stored with limited access to the research team. Data was collected within a week in May, Measures for ensuring qualitative trustworthiness according to Lincoln and Guba were applied in this study. This included audit trail, thick description, reflexivity and member checking used to ensure credibility, dependability and transferability of the study findings [ 27 , 28 ].
The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were read over and over again and edited to remove grammatical errors before they were imported into NVivo A codebook was created based on the objectives of the study and the subject areas explored during the interviews.
Each transcript was opened in the NVivo software and line-by-line reading and coding into nodes of all the statements were done. The coding was reviewed, where some nodes were rearranged and others merged to develop themes. As coding continued, codebook developed initially was revised.
Thematic analysis was employed using both deductive and inductive approaches [15]. Major and sub-themes were identified and exemplar quotations selected for each theme. These are presented in the results section of the work.
0コメント